To What Extent Is Beowulf A Hero - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 466 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Beowulf Essay Did you like this example? An amazing hero like Beowulf, is someone who puts themselves in serious danger for others by doing awesome deeds of strength. An example of that, is that Beowulf fought the monster that terrorizes the Danes and despites happiness, Grendel without weapons. Furthermore, not only he is a hero because he gives the glory to God, but because of his physical strength. Ive never known fear, as a youth I fought in endless battles. I am old, now, but i will fight again, seek fame still, if the dragon hiding in his tower dares to face me. (L.607- 611). He is a fearless guy who was willing to go into battle with anyone, no matter how strong they were! To protect his people and what is his. When he comes to me i mean to stand, not run from his shooting flames, stand till fate decides which of us wins. (L.619-622). Beowulf proved his bravery and loyalty by coming back in order to kill the dragon. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To What Extent Is Beowulf A Hero" essay for you Create order The foes that Beowulf fought were all beyond human strength and required superhuman abilities to bring them down. So Beowulf chose the mightiest men he could find, the bravest of the Geats, fourteen in all. (L.119-123). Beowulf was extremely intelligent. He picked the best weapons to fight Grendel. That mighty protector of men, meant to hold the monster until its life leaped out.   (L.314-316). He was the strongest and the best candidate to kill the monster that terrorized the Danes.   Beowulf shows the real him by trying to find glory for himself and not giving credit to those who helped him in all of his battles. And this dragons treature, his gold and everything hidden in that tower, will be mine or war will sweep me to a bitter death!  (L.630-632). Beowulf was greedy, he only wanted the money for himself and not his people. I sold my life for this treasure, and i sold it well. (L.809-810). He didnt care about anything but his main priority, the treasure. He believed that the treasure was worth his life.   Beowulf put himself above others to bring glory to his name. No one else could do what i mean to, here, no man but me could hope to defeat this monster. (L.580-581). Beowulf started getting really cocky and he watched one of his men die in order to get a deeper understanding of how Grendel works, to fight the monster and get glory for himself. They have seen my strength for themselves, have watched me rise from the darkness of war, dripping with my enemies blood.   (L.513-515). Beowulf was being cocky with Hrothgard and nothing can justify his cockiness because a real hero doesnt do that. A hero let his actions speak instead of their mouth.

Private Sector Apple Inc. Public Sector - 975 Words

F Private sector: Apple Inc. Public sector: Walt Disney Company Apple Inc. is an influential and pioneering American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne on April 1, 1976, having the headquarters situated in Cupertino, California, United State to develop and sell personal computers. It merged as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977, and was renamed as Apple Inc. on January 9, 2007. Leading the charts of the retail market in terms of sale Apple has 453 retail stores in 16 countries and an online store available in 39 countries. The company has come a long way from developing their first product the Apple I which was sold as an†¦show more content†¦The four strategies are market penetration, market development, new product development and diversification. Moreover, each strategy has its own strengths and weaknesses. Market penetration: Is increasing the market share of an existing product or new product through advertisements. Market development: Is targeting new products on existing markets. Product development: Is developing new products that target existing market segments. Diversification: Is developing new products that target new markets Firstly, market penetration allows a business to gain a high market share through the use of promotional methods, with their existing products in their existing markets. However, this type of strategy needs a lot of investment. Secondly, market development, this strategy helps in increasing sales by targeting a new segment while attracting potential customers for existing products. However, an existing product may have to be changed or altered to customers needs if the new segment does not respond well. The third strategy product development helps in gaining more revenues as more new appealing products are released. However, there are equal chances of the product being successful or unsuccessful and, it also takes time to develop new products. The last strategy diversification includes the marketing orShow MoreRelatedThe Goals Of An Introductory Course Within Any Subject Field1398 Words   |  6 Pagesa finite number of weeks. So too, in the field of public administration that encompasses every corner of the body politic. That said, what utility is gained from such an extreme compression of information? I argue that the introduction to different divisions and different methodologies within a field of study helps establish foundational principles within the minds of those students. Within our exploration into the introductory themes within public administration, we have been exposed to conceptsRead MoreThe Government s Methods Of Intervention891 Words   |  4 PagesThe government’s methods of intervention are to enhanced public/private collaboration, proposing new cybersecurity legislations, established partnerships to secure technology, data information sharing, protected consumers, and increase security on Fede ral networks† (Fact Sheet). By detecting common cyber dangers and obtain additional resources from the private sector assets can reduce the risk of threats against our country. President Obama and his Administration has addressed the major risk of cybersecurityRead MoreThe Profit And Loss Account1552 Words   |  7 Pagesdetailed than others depending on the business type for example in a larger limited or public limited company they would probably use a multi-step income statement structure as they needs to display a more detailed breakdown of finances compared to a smaller business like a sole-trader or partnership. Financial statements will differ depending on their legal form of ownership and sector. For example private sector, for-profit business use financial statements to display profitability as this is whatRead MoreBTEC Business Level 3 - Unit 3 Assignment 1 P1 Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesmarketing? Marketing is the function that connects businesses to their target audiences’ needs. It is how a business presents and distributes their product to their audience. For example, a business can market their product by advertising it to the public. This can be seen in many forms of media; such as: on television, via web, posters or on billboards. Marketing is the management procedure in which the product or service is moves from concept to the customer. It includes the co-ordinationRead MoreThe Apple Company And Its History1844 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In this report I will discuss Private, Public, Voluntary and Charitable business organizations as well as in depth research into the Apple Company and its history. I will be focusing on all areas of the company such as Sales and growth, Aims and Profit and Customer service. Apple is one of the best known public companies in modern day society since turning public in 1980. REF Apple INC. Apple is an American technology company which designs, develops and sells computer software and areRead MoreEconomic Factors That Affect Apple in China and Usa1650 Words   |  7 PagesEnvironment Assignment 3 Apple is the company that I am going to be talking about in this assignment; I will be talking about how different economic environments affect two countries Apple operates in (China, USA) and what countries they are manufactured and assembled in. They’re stores are usually located in the central main shopping centre of a city especially their stores in the UK. The company Apple is a private limited company and the company is open to the public to buy shares in the organisationRead MoreRisks And Opportunities Apple Inc.1731 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions when discussing the firm’s ethics and the extent to which it supports the society in which it exists with contributions of money, time and talent (p.608).† This briefing will consist of going over the future risks and opportunities Apple Inc., may have the possibility of being exposed to. Risk analysis is a fundamental key point of any business which, according to the Business Dictionary definition is the course toward seeing and isolating potential issues that could sabotage any ofRead MoreThe Basic Hr Strategic Model1227 Words   |  5 Pagesmeasured in three different sectors, the private sector, public sector and third sector. Private sectors businesses such as Apple inc encompasses all of its profit and are not owned or operated by government. Most of its partnerships are done independently. They often employ workers and are abide by their own policies. In HR, the private sectors would often recruit large teams of HR professionals with consultants and generalist who work to support the company. The public sector differs because its worksRead MorePrivacy And The Privacy Of Privacy1626 Words   |  7 Pagesbusinesses and privat e individuals. Items such as diaries, personal photographs, and letters also deserve to have discretion and not everyone should have access to them. In the United States, the phrase â€Å"invasion of privacy† is a term often used in legal proceedings. There are four types of â€Å"invasion.† First, intrusion of solitude, this means, physical or electronic intrusion into ones personal information. Second, public disclosure of private facts, this is the act of spreading truthful private informationRead MoreHow Apple Has Become For Successful Companies Growing Up Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Apple has always been one of the most influential, innovative, successful companies growing up. I, as an individual have watched this Company mature and specifically remember when Apple has blown up in the industry. Before the world knew it, Apple has become something that is well known amongst many people. I feel that it is important to learn how Apple has become to achieve such greatness. Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak founded Apple in 1976. These two men were dropouts in college

On-the-job training Free Essays

Introduction On the job training or OJT is one method by which students is given achance to apply the theories and computations that they have learned from theschool. It also helps the students to acquire relevant knowledge and skills byperforming in actual work setting. Colleges and universities require their studentsto undergo such training within a specific number of hours as part of thecurriculum. We will write a custom essay sample on On-the-job training or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the students, an OJT or internship program provides opportunities togo through the actual methodologies of a specific job using the real tools,equipments and documents. In effect, the workplace becomes a developmentvenue for a student trainee to learn more about his chosen field and practicewhat he has learn from academy Background of the study OJT is the most common training method use by organizations across job functions. The trainers assigned for the OJT are experienced in the tasks they are not given adequate training to become trainers. Further, the training content is usually incomplete as a lot of the work procedures are omitted due to short cut used by experienced employees. This instructed OJT lacks consistency, efficiency, effectiveness. Theoretical framework Conceptual framework OJT in an hierarchical framework. At the lowest level is the unit of classification – a job – which is defined as a set of tasks or duties designed to be executed by one person. Jobs are grouped into occupations according to the degree of similarity in their constituent tasks and duties. Although each job may be distinct in term of the output required from the person who executes the constituent tasks, the jobs are sufficiently similar in terms of the abilities required as inputs into these tasks for them to be regarded as a single occupational unit for statistical purposes. Statement of problem How to cite On-the-job training, Papers

An Analysis of King vs. Dusen on Civil Disobedience free essay sample

This paper looks at the differing views of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Lewis Van Dusen Jr. on civil disobedience. This is a paper that analyzes and evaluates the disagreement between Martin Luther King Jr. and Lewis Van Dusen Jr. over the ethics of civil disobedience. The writer details each argument, asks how each argument can be doubted, discusses why the disputants disagree and concludes the paper by discussing which of the two arguments is stronger. However, if one considers the implication of the argument of both the revolutionists, it could be seen that King bases most of his arguments on his observation in society. His knowledge of the law as well as his years among the poor, contribute a great deal to his opinion. In formulating his argument, King did not consider how civil disobedience would affect the other half. The question is whether it is justified for the other half of the society to raise the issue of civil disobedience in the same manner that he is presenting for the African American society. We will write a custom essay sample on An Analysis of King vs. Dusen on Civil Disobedience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He may have astutely presented the fact that civil ethics dictates everyone should have equal rights but did he consider what would happen if everyone were to have legal say in the matter of governing a nation?

An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essays

An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essays An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essay An Application To Selling A Cruise Vacation Package Tourism Essay This paper seeks to discourse the construct of merchandise life rhythm use to sell sail holiday bundle merchandising in Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) . First, the foreground of develop sail industry in worldwide and in Hong Kong is described and explicate the function of travel agent in selling the sail holiday bundle. Then the construct of merchandise life rhythm is introduced. Finally, a instance survey of Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) is presented to exemplify the life rhythm of selling the sail holiday bundle. Cruising can be interpreted in many different ways and can include many different types of vass. The impression of cruising is best explained by mention to the definition of a sail ship ; vessel set abouting scheduled, deep H2O sails of two yearss or more with a rider capacity of 100 individuals or more ( Research Department Tourism Queensland ) . Another account about sail is a trip by sea on a line drive for leisure, remarkably docking at assorted ports during its journey ( Collins English Dictionary, 2008, ) . Cruise ships are non, like ferries, merely seen as a manner of conveyance. These ships are frequently a finish on itself, and can be typified as drifting hotels, or even drifting resorts ( Dowling, 2006 ) . Nowadays, many travel agents sell a basic sail holiday bundle which is across-the-board. A sail holiday bundle includes revenue enhancements, port charges, airfare, cabin stay, repasts, and 24-hour room service. ( WTO ) Some of the travel agents given clients with extra merchandise offering of widening their trip either before or after the sail. This packaged merchandise normally includes extra dark corsets at a hotel in the embarking or debarking port. ( Neil Biehn 2006 ) Introduction The sail industry is one of the fastest-growing sections in the travel industry since 1980 the industry has had an mean one-year rider growing rate of 8.1 % . ( By: Miller, Richard K. ; Washington, Kelli, 2009 ) Harmonizing to WTO 2003, although the market portion of sails in the touristry market is little ( 0.6 % of the hotel beds offered worldwide ) , there still has unbelievable growing figures and has a high potency to develop. Harmonizing to B A ; A, rider carrying degrees could spread out from the present 13.2 million to between 19.3 and 30.1 million by 2020 ( see Figure 1 Projected Worldwide Passenger Levels, 2004 2020 Beginning: B A ; A 2004 ) . Figure 1 Projected Worldwide Passenger Levels, 2004 2020 ( Source B A ; A 2004 ) In Hong Kong, the rider degrees for conventional sails have expanded from about 8.5 million to 13.9 million between 1999 and 2005, during the same period, the Asia Pacific part accounted for between 5 % and 8.6 % of the worldwide market. ( B A ; A, 2005 ) Between 1999 and 2005, Hong Kong s typical rate of gaining control of the Asia Pacific conventional sail market ranged from 16 % to 30 % . ( Hong Kong Tourism Report Q1 2010 ) . The figure of cruise vas calls has increased from 409 to 1 051 ( Hong Kong Tourism Report Q1 2010 ) .over the same period. The explosive growing was the consequence of the sail industry redefining itself from a narrowly focussed niche merchandise to a broader-based, mass-market holiday experience. Besides the capacity with many big sail companies puting to a great extent in new ships ( Hayman, 1990 ; Peisley 1995 ) . Cruise ships have advance through a figure of developmental stages ; Amrik Singh ( 1999 ) from the little, 500 rider vass of the 1970s to the rise of the 3600 rider vass of the late ninetiess. See Figure 2 Development of Cruise Vessels ( Source: B A ; A, 2006 ) The capacity of the sail line industry increased from 41,073 positions in 1981 to 172.281 positions in 2001 at the one-year growing rate of 7.6 % .The sail capacity enlargement is expected to go on in the following 5 old ages from 189,441 positions in 2002 to 249,623 positions in 2006 ( CLIA, 2002 ) Time period Length ( m. ) Draft ( m. ) Pax Features of the Period 1960 155 11 500 Vessels acquired A ; refurbished. 1970 215 9.75 650 Standard concern theoretical account used with profitable consequences until the fuel crisis. 1980 245 9 1500 Change in concern theoretical account ; experimentation with larger vass and runing paths. 1990 275 8 2600 Larger vass going the finish. Shallower bill of exchanges. 1997 294 8 3600 Mega-vessels that are drifting metropoliss. Focus on maximising rider capacity. One-region vass non capable of Panama Canal Transit 2000 305 9 3000 Larger vas volume concentrating on making efficiencies with vas design, outside cabin development, vas services and flexible deployment. 2006 300+ 9 4000 Freedom category, 160,000-GT. Allows for increased onboard gross countries, largest vas in the universe position and big economic systems of graduated table. Following Coevals 335-425 9-11 5000+ Product and service led design ; new advanced Marine hull design to back up more above H2O construction. Separate flat towers, amusement zones and comfortss. Limited port deployment options. Figure 2 Development of Cruise Vessels ( Source: B A ; A, 2006 ) Between 2000 and year-end 2008, over 100 new ships were launched ( Travel A ; Tourism Market Research Handbook, 2009 ) . In Hong Kong, the major participants are Star Cruises, Costa Cruises, Princess Cruises and P A ; O Cruises ( Australia ) . Seven sail vass homeporting at Hong Kong in 2008, which include Costa Allegra ( from Costa ) , Star Pisces, Superstar Aqarius, Superstar Libra and Superstar Virgo ( all from Star Cruises ) and Rhapsody of the Seas ( from RCCL ) Due to the sail industry become more and more globalized, Hong Kong Government is besides pressing in front with developing Hong Kong as a major regional sail hub. It will finance the edifice of a sail terminus at the former Kai Tak airdrome. The first position is expected to get down operation in mid-2013. Most North American sail lines do non hold offices setup in the part so general gross revenues agents or travel agents are appointed to stand for them. Harmonizing to Cruise Lines International association ( CLIA 2008 ) merchandising sails is a good concern. The bulk of sails ( around 74 % ) are still sold by travel agents ( Figure 3 Travel Agent Usages to Book Cruise Vacations. Cruise lines still pay committees of 10 % or more. Figure 3 Travel Agent Usages to Book Cruise Vacations ( CLIA 2008 ) Due to the above grounds, there is a high potency to develop sail industry. Therefore, look into the merchandise life rhythm of selling sail holiday bundle is an of import scheme to categorise and expose investing cost hazards, physical factors and information systems needs in different phases. The Product Life Cycle Butler ( 1980 ) was the first to qualify the development of the tourer industry by the construct of the life rhythm merchandise, following the theories of Vernon ( 1966 ) on the international merchandise rhythm. The merchandise life rhythm theory provides an of import position for the preparation of schemes, because each stage of the life rhythm is believed to hold distinguishable features that offset the operation of a concern and accordingly marketing plan ( Avvari V. Mohan, K.N. Krishnaswamy 2006 ) . It says that the development of gross revenues and net incomes of new developed merchandises shows a clear form. Although there are different theories presented the rhythm into different phases such as Reid ( 1989 ) present five phases, where Cokayne ( 1991 ) nowadays into three phases, Despite the non-representativeness of this sample, it is robust plenty to let one major decision that the classical bell-shaped merchandise life rhythm may be a reasonably common form. ( David F. Midgley ) The classical bell-shaped merchandise life rhythm involved four phases which include Introduction, Growth, Maturity and Decline. In this paper, we will utilize the classical bell-shaped merchandise life rhythm ( Figure 4 Life rhythm of merchandise Gross saless and Net income. Beginning: Alan Marklew 1985 ) to look into the phase of selling sail holiday bundle by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) Figure 4 Life rhythm of merchandise Gross saless and Net income ( Beginning: Alan Marklew 1985 ) Introduction Phase In this phase, new merchandise launched and the rate of gross revenues volumes to get down easy. The selling attempt is focused on placing market demands and specific merchandise characteristiics. ( Enis et al. , 1977 ) . At this phase, significant selling investing in countries such as advertisement and gross revenues promtoion ; hence prodcuts are normally lossmakers for most ( Alan Marklew, 1985 ) . The end of srategies is s to raise the gross revenues from zero to some predetermined degree. Growth Stage In this phase, consumers clearly feel that this merchandise will profit them in some ways and they accept it, the administration will see a period of rapid gross revenues growing. The sum of net income and figure of gross revenues show a strongly betterment. The major elements of marketing programme at this stage is to set up the trade name, spread out distribution, differentiat merchandise, offer merchandise discrepancies. ( Hambrick et al. , 1982a ) . The selling scheme is an of import factor in this stage, which involved merchandise betterments, add-on of discrepancies, and intensive and extended distribution. Besides, increasing gross revenues attempts and advertisement for trade name image are besides of import. ( Hofer, 1975 ) The handiness of merchandises might be communicated to prospective visitants through promotion or promotional activities, viz. in forming of import events. ( Goncalves, Vitor F. Da C.Aguas, Paulo Manuel Roque Fall97 ) . Maturity Stage In this phase, gross revenues slow down as the merchandise gross revenues reach peak as most of the possible buyers of a merchandise have been converted into clients. The rate of growing in gross revenues slows down increasingly and so degrees off. Harmonizing to Hofer ( 1975 ) , in this phase changes in market scheme are required. Company tries to keep market portion and gross revenues and at the same clip happen new markets. It is of import to increasing merchandise line ( Hambrick et al. , 1982 ) , increased advertisement, increasing complementary merchandises, consolidating distribution. Decline Phase Gross saless start to worsen either because of the addition of rivals or consumer gustatory sensations change. Net income becomes more a challenge of production/distribution efficiency than increased gross revenues Identifying the Product Life Cycle phases Several writers have proposed some designation methods to place the phase of the merchandise. For illustration, Reid ( 1989 ) , states that historical information with clip series, volume, sum, monetary values, consequences are need for designation. Levitt ( 1986 ) proposed to find what comes following in order to set up current place. Avvari V. Mohan, K.N. Krishnaswamy ( 2006 ) used the market programme variables as an index. There are 30 variables of MP were identified such as utilizing gross revenues force attempts, selling outgos, promtion innovative, new markets appear, gross revenues recognition, market cleavage, trade name consciousness etc. Doyle ( 1976 ) use different characterisitcs appear in the life rhythm phases to sort the location of phase. In his classfiicatio, he use the figure of gross revenues, sum of profiles, Cash flow, clients features, rivals, market scheme, market costs, selling accent, pricing, distribution and merchandise. ( Figure 5 The worlds of the mercha ndise life rhythm Doyle 1976: ) Product Life rhythm Introduction Growth Adulthood Decline Features Gross saless Low Fast Slow to worsen Worsening Net incomes Negligible Extremum Degrees Get down to worsen Worsening to zero Cash Flow Negative Moderate High Low Customers Early adoptive parents Mass market Mass market Dawdlers Rivals Few Turning Many met excessively challengers Taking market Cardinal Actions Scheme Expand market Market incursion Defend portion Productiveness Selling cost High High Falilng Low Marketing Emphasis Merchandise consciousness Brand Preference Brand trueness Image care Pricing High Maintain Maintain/increase Rising Distribution Patchy Intensive Intensive Selective Merchandise Basic Improved Broaden postion Apologize Figure 5 The worlds of the merchandise life rhythm The state of affairs of selling sail holiday bundle by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) This subdivision describes the development of the state of affairs of selling sail holiday bundle by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) . The life rhythm of sail holiday bundle is now at the phase of Growth The grounds are harmonizing to the undermentioned phenomena: Changes in Product line Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) cooperated with different sail company and ever increase the assortment of sail lines. Before 2004, there are merely three sail holiday bundle provided to their clients. This included the sail ships Infinity and Constellation from Celebrity Cruises Company: and Costa Classic from Costa: Cruises Company. Until 2010 April, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) provide 34 assortment of sail holiday bundle to their clients. Besides the sail paths change from within Asia part to Hong Kong USA or Europe. By altering the merchandise line, clients will hold more option to take and it is one of the methods to avoid the lessening in sale volumes of sail holiday bundle. The of import point is that Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) understand their clients penchants, and respond to their demands. And they need to pass on with the Cruise lines have to placing market demands and edifice ships to fit those demands. This may include seting their paths, supplyi ng a assortment of activities, penchants, amusement picks, and involvements, to run into Asiatic outlooks every bit good as to reflect the cultural character of the part Amrik Singh ( 1999 ) Presents, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) coordiante with five big international sail companies. They included Azamara Cruises, Celebrity Cruise, Costa, Royal Caribbean Internatioanal, MSC Cruises. Each of the companies have differenct figure of cruise ships. Each of them with different paths, yearss, finishs and charactieritcs. Paths for each sail ship Azamara Cruises Company: with one sail ship called Azamara Quest which include a 15 yearss tour traveling to Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Greece Celebrity Cruise Company with four sail ships Infinity which include a 9 yearss tour traveling to Seattle, Alaska, Victoria ) Equinox which include 13 to16 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Israel Eclipse which include 14 to 17 yearss tour traveling to England, Spain, Portugal, France Configuration which include 15 yearss tour traveling to Holland, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Finland, Denmark, Costa: Cruises Company with six sail ships: Costa Classica which include 5 to 9 yearss tour traveling to Taiwan, Shanghai, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, China, Costa Deliziosa which include 9 to 10 yearss tour traveling to Dubai, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Russia Cost Serena which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Mediterranean Costa Concordia which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Tunisia, Spain, France Costa Pacifica which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Mediterranean, Italy, Greece, Croatia, Malta Costa Luminosa which include 14 yearss tour traveling to Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Baltic Sea Royal Caribbean International Cruises Company with three sail ships Legend of the Sea which include 7 to 8 yearss tour traveling to Shanghai, Japan, Korea, Russia Voyager of the Seas which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, France, Spain Oasis of the Seas which include 11 yearss tour traveling to Miami, Bahamas MSC Cruises Company with six sail ships Fantaisa which include a 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Spain, France Magnifica which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Croatia Musica which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Croatia Orchestra which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Russian Poesia which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Denmark, Germany, Norway MSC Splendida which include 10 yearss tour traveling to Italy, France, Spain, Malta, Tunisia Gross saless Volume among those tourist merchandises selling in Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) At the beginning of selling sail holiday bundle, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) merely selling the bundle through their subdivision offices as the figure of sail is non every bit much as presents. The gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle is merely 5 % in 2003 ( informations recorded by Flying On Travel Agent Mr. Ho Outboard Operation Manager ) among their assortment tourer merchandise such as circuit, vacation bundles, hotel merchandising and ticket merchandising. At that clip, they do non hold any advertizement about their sail holiday bundle. They merely selling the sail holiday bundle through the publicity by sales representative who sitting in their subdivision offices. In 2006, the gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle is increased to 11 % ( informations recorded by Flying On Travel Agent Mr. Ho Outboard Operation Manager ) among their assortment tourer merchandise. The increased gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle is due to the addition of cruise s hips arrived in Hong Kong and the capacity of sail ships increased quickly. Promotion Methods In order to advance the sail holiday bundle, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) will organisation different publicity activities to their clients. In 2008, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) corporate with Royal Caribbean International and invited VIP invitees to see the sail of Legend of the Sea . During the visit, invitees were able to look around and seek to utilize all facilitates and activities on board. Each invitee will have a booklet which introduce facilitate, activities and paths of The Legend of the Sea . Guests were able to inquire any inquiries about the ship during the visit. In the same twelvemonth, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) arranged another group of six 100 invitees to fall in a New Year Party which held in The Legend of the Sea . During the party, there was a lucky draw. The award are included one free circuit of The Legend of the Sea which provided by Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) . In 2008, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) besides held a Maiden Voyage Celebration And Introduction Of Itinerary Meeting of the Voyager of Sea in their Cruise Centre. During the meeting, some images shown so environment ( e.g. adorn infinite ) , installations ( e.g. swimming pool ) , of Voyager of Sea were shown. One hundred of invitees were invited and half of them joined the sail holiday bundle of Voyager of Sea in the same twenty-four hours. In 2009, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) introduce the programme Travel Expertise to supply a to the full service and selling schemes to their clients. Ms.Yuki Lau who is an expertise leader in Cruise circuit. By keeping this programme, the mean gross revenues volume of sail holiday bundle increased 2 % . ( informations recorded by Flying On Travel Agent Mr. Ho Outboard Operation Manager ) Improved Quality In order to better the quality of selling sail holiday bundle, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) established a Cruise Center in Central for their clients to inquire information for sail holiday at 2006. All of the staff in the sail centre has finished the Cruise Selling Training Course provided by Travel Industry Council of Hong Kong ( TIC ) . All of the staff has award the certification of this preparation Course. Furthermore, in 2006, Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) corporate with Costa and three hundred of their staff reward the professional sail expertness University of WOW ( Expert Level ) of Discover Costa . Rival After Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) established the first Cruise Center in 2006, their rivals start to follow them, for illustration Hong Thai Travel Agent and EGL Tour Agent established their first sail Centre at the terminal of 2008 and Decision Harmonizing to the theory of Alan Marklew ( 1985 ) , it can see that the merchandising of sail holiday bundle in Flying On Travel Agent ( Hong Kong ) is now in the Growth phase. A figure of factors will lend to this, the figure of increase gross revenues volume, the present of rival, increasing the entreaty of the merchandise to a wider market, the alteration in merchandise line and the appear of rival. Due to the edifice of a sail terminus at the former Kai Tak airdrome will be opened in the mid 2013, the development of sail industry in Hong Kong has a strong potency to go a prime sail hub in the Asia Pacific part.

Essay on JusticeEssay Writing Service

Essay on JusticeEssay Writing Service Essay on Justice Essay on JusticeThe concept of justice implies the maintenance of the balanced relationships between individuals based on the legal norms, rules and traditions through the system of law enforcement and courts, which focus on the punishment or correction of offenders. At the same time, the justice system relies not only on legal but also moral and ethical norms. In fact, legal norms derive from moral ones. Therefore, there is a strong correlation between morality and justice that means that justice attempts to prevent what the society perceives as bad and, thus, helps the society to be better.The concept of justice is closely intertwined with the concept of the criminal justice because the maintenance of the social order, existing legal and moral norms inevitably involves the prevention and punishment of crimes. This is where the criminal justice crime comes into play. The criminal justice focuses on the prevention of crimes using various tools, including punishment through imprisonme nt of offenders, correction, and other methods.Kohlberg’s Stages of the Moral Development can be applied to the criminal justice and criminals. At this point, it is possible to dwell upon three cases of criminals in the context of Kohlberg’s Stages of the Moral Development. First, the criminal behavior may be viewed from the personal relationship stage’s perspective. Kohlberg defines this stage as the stage, when a one lives up in accordance with existing social norms and principles (Kohlberg, 1981). If an offender commits a crime, for example steals money to buy drugs, he/she conflicts with the existing social norms but the offender does it rather out of necessity, being driven by his/her drug addiction than by his/her desire to rebel against existing social norms. At the next stage of the moral development, the stage of maintaining social order, the offender may commit crimes because he/she disagrees with the existing social order and believes that the entire society is against him/her (Cooper, 2010). For example, if a person lives in poverty and cannot breakthrough the poverty barrier to earn enough for a decent life, then a person may commit a property right stealing from others to become richer him/herself. Finally, from the social contract and individual rights stage of the moral development, the individual, who decides to steal from the rich, may be aware of the fact that all people have equal rights and opportunities but he/she cannot live as rich people do. This is why the offender focuses on the specific group, the rich, to compensate his/her problems.In fact, it is possible to suggest different solutions to the three criminals described above. The drug addicted offender should focus on the treatment of his/her addiction that will prevent him/her from violation existing social norms. The thief, who wants to become richer, needs the support of the public through specific government programs or community programs that will persuade the offender that the society is not against him/her (Broad, 2000). Finally, the criminal, who decided to steal from the rich only, should learn the principle of equality of all citizens. The crime is the crime, whoever is the offender and the victim. In this regard, the extensive support may help the offender to understand that the rich can share with the poor benevolently but not only through a theft.

Alcoholism diseases for mankinds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Alcoholism diseases for mankinds - Essay Example ic, and environmental factors that influences its advancement and manifestation and it is associated with many possible causes and numerous detrimental effects on the alcoholic. Some of the alcoholism diseases of mankind are liver cirrhosis, schizophrenia, and hepatitis C infection. According to MedicineNet (2014), liver cirrhosis is one of the most severe forms of alcoholic related liver diseases especially amongst people drinking excessively. The disease normally see the healthy cells of the liver tissue replaced by scar tissue in the process known as fibrosis thus making the liver tissue to become lumpy and hard instead of smooth. Some of the early symptoms of alcohol induced cirrhosis include loss of appetite, feeling sick and vomiting, itchy skin, and weight loss. However, when the conditions progresses the symptoms may include yellowing of skin, swelling in the abdomen, muscle wasting, bruising and bleeding easily, confused feeling, or having poor memory and sexual changes. It is worth noting that liver always has significant function of processing alcohol one drinks. Conversely, it can only handle a specific amount of alcohol and therefore heavy or regular drinking puts strain and eventually damages the liver. The damage on the liver makes it less able to perform the function of processing chemical substances, which is a risky because the gradual damage on the liver may finally make it stop working properly (MedicineNet, 2014). Many alcoholics have ended up dying because of inappropriate medication or fatal cases of alcohol induced liver cirrhosis. The damage caused on the liver is irreversible although further damage may be stopped if individuals stop drinking. There a number of heavy drinkers who have undergone liver transplant because of their damaged livers. Additionally, the second disease caused by alcoholism is schizophrenia mostly because alcohol is highly abused apart from nicotine. People suffering from schizophrenia consume alcohol for same

Greenomics Marketing Strategy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenomics Marketing Strategy - Research Paper Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that Greenomics has a strategic plan of becoming a successful business that is strongly expressed in its mission statement, financial and non-financial goals and its competitive advantage. The mission statement is to achieve luxurious interior designing the greenway, and the financial objectives are to break even in the first three months and to increase sales by twenty percent after every three months. The marketing programs will support this strategic plan and other key features like company uniqueness, adjusting to market conditions, trends and changes in the following ways: - Making it possible to achieve break-even position in less than three months through effective pricing and financing strategies; - Providing chances to develop eco-chic offices and stores that are fashionable, high performing, luxurious, reliable, not over-priced and eco-friendly;Â   - Strict management of the brand; Greenomics through strict adh erence to price and quality issues; - Creating awareness concerning how the environment is being destroyed and how it is encouraging global warming; - Carrying out effective consumer analysis programs with an emphasis on customers who have an interest in saving money on the power bill in the long run.

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Business Ethics - Essay Example It is now again trying to sell itself inviting offers from Qwest and Verizon, both of who are also recovering from debts. They are trying to outbid others and making promises which they may not be able to maintain as business deteriorates. This is again a matter of concern because ethics are compromised under such circumstances. The Corporate Governance norms were violated at WorldCom, which is unexpected of the Directors and the CEO. Over ambitiousness of the CEO to acquire several companies with the stocks of WorldCom led him to boost the company’s profits artificially by as much as $3.9 billion (Bhattacharya, 2004). Costs were considered as capital investment which helped the company to sustain its apparently smooth and rapid earning growth. They even claimed depreciation of the ‘capital investments’. The behavior of the CEO and the CFO were the driving forces behind the unethical conduct. The CEO utilized the company loan of $400 million to buy ranches and other personal properties, which is unethical. He used the services of the CFO to ensure rising stock prices so that his personal stake would provide the security for the loan. They hid the information from the external auditor. Additionally, the big names in auditing and accounting have failed to detect the irregularities or to gu ide the firms. This would amount to hidden complicity between the auditors and WorldCom. The audit committee did not have a financial expert. Besides, they had the sole authority to appoint, retain, compensate, evaluate and terminate the company’s independent auditors (Petra, 2006). WorldCom had crumbled because of its unethical practices. MCI on the other hand was reputed for its â€Å"integrity, innovation and value† (Thurston, 2007). WorldCom’s name was changed to MCI as a part of the reorganization plan filed in the bankruptcy court in US. According to the executive vice-president, they wanted to re-establish

Grendel As Dynamic Character English Literature Essay

Grendel As Dynamic Character English Literature Essay John Gardners Grendel provides us with an in-depth look at the personality and mindset of a monster known to be an antagonist to mankind. The reader is seeing the world through the eyes of Grendel, giving the reader the feeling of having a very close relationship with him. Through this close relationship that the reader creates with Grendel, it becomes evident that Grendel undergoes a personality change throughout the novel as a dynamic character. Grendels development throughout the novel is highly influenced by his communication with the Shaper, Grendels mother, and the dragon. The first human to have a major influence on Grendel was the Shaper, a blind man who preaches to those around him. The first mention of the Shaper was in chapter one, when Grendel attacked Hrothgars meadhall. During Grendels attack, the flaws of human instinct become apparent. Instead of running away at the sight of a horrid monster, the citizens become frozen in terror like a dear in headlights. The only exception to these humans was the Shaper, who acted quickly and despite his blindness, was able to escape the building and run away from the danger. Grendel had admired the Shaper for being different from the other humans, and reacting properly and quickly, as well as for possessing knowledge Grendel wished he could have himself. Grendels envy for a mind like the Shaper causes him to fill with jealousy, so he subconsciously tries to mirror the ideology of the Shaper despite not being a human. The Shapers songs teach Grendel about the way that the humans live and function. To Grendel , it appears that everyone around loves and respects the Shaper, which is evident when Grendel explains that the people, and even the surrounding hills were hushed when the Shaper spoke. This popularity causes Grendel to wish that he could be like the Shaper even more, so that he can finally lose the feeling of isolation and gain acceptance among the humans. As Grendel analyzes the popularity and appeal of the Shaper, he begins to realize why people have are always running away at his sight. Grendel dives deep into himself to get a sense of the flaws in his own character, and subconsciously decided that he doesnt really need nor care about getting the approval of the humans because he isnt a human and shouldnt have to live by the expectations and standards that they have for themselves. (Gardner, letter) He was born not as a human, but as a monster that would never be able to live like the humans, and instead must follow his own role in society: to terrorize and kill humans. Although it was evident that Grendel cared for his mother, their relationship wasnt always perfect. She was very controlling, and attempts to keep Grendel at her side throughout the novel, but she loved him and was even considered a source of comfort to him (Grendel pg. 17). In chapter two of the novel, Grendel views his mother as a fat and lazy brute who is to unintelligent to able to speak the same language as the humans. As the mother tries to become more protective and sheltering of Grendel, he tries to break away from her more and treats her as truly a monster or animal instead of an equivalent to himself. He realizes that she is exactly what he wants to avoid becoming, so he begins to spend less time with her and instead spend more time with the humans, which starts to make him become more like a human than a monster. Grendel became more independent as he looked less to his mother for advice and began to think for himself, using his own thoughts and observations as a guideline. He starts to develop philosophical thoughts, and begins to question the meaning and purpose of life. At the points in the novel where Grendel is leaving or returning to the cave, his mind becomes restless with thoughts about the humans and what he should. The complexity of Grendels thoughts is synonymous with the complex design of the cave itself. Getting in and out of the cave is no simple process. Grendel describes the process as swimming up through the firesnakes, hot dark whalecocks prowling the luminous green of the mere., and continues by saying that he gulped churning waves and smoke, which implies that the mere is on fire. (Grendel pg. 9) The water is used as a symbol of the subconscious and emotion, which explains the thoughts that start to jump around in Grendels head as he is on his way in or out of his cave. Grendels thinking to himself is key to his development as an independent individual. He feels so dependent near the end of the book that he even ignores the warning of his mother. His mother wants to protect him and warn him of the danger he is getting into, but her warning only comes out as Warovvish. (Grendel pg. 145) Without trying to understand what she was saying, he shrugs her warning off as gibberish and continues with what he originally planned. Instead of relying on the advice and opinions of others, Grendel tries to sort everything out within his own thoughts. This causes him to become less and less dependent on other characters, which in turn allows him to become more of an individual. The final character to have a major influence on Grendels character was the dragon, who makes his first appearance in chapter five of the novel. Prior to meeting the dragon, the only being that Grendel ever met more powerful than himself was his mother. Grendel became so terrified at the site of the monstrous dragon that he could barely even speak. Grendel has never really felt this level of fear, and it makes him realize that there are more fearsome creatures to walk the planet than him. This fear also rationalizes the feeling of the terror the humans exhibit when encountering Grendel, so he now understands their fear of him. The dragon proves to be an incredibly smart philosopher, and when the dragon starts reading his mind, Grendel becomes even more afraid of him. He never felt fear like when he saw the dragon, so he didnt understand why the humans would run away in terror even if he were to do nothing wrong. He tells Grendel that the essence of life is to be found in the frustrat ion of established order, so he should continue terrorizing the humans. (Grendel pg. 67) The dragon proceeds to tell him that being terror to all humans that is actually important to their development. He goes on to explain that humans are constantly trying to destroy anything they consider to be evil, but evil is actually very important to them because without evil, the world would not be balanced. The dragon tries to explain to Grendel that he drives them to poetry, science, religion, all that makes them what they are for as long as they last (Grendel pg. 72).This means that Grendel is actually very important to human society, and without him, mankind would not be advanced as it is today. This confrontation with the dragon allows Grendel to rid himself of the doubts he had about the morality of killing humans, finally providing him with the reason and conformation he desired to continue with his role in society. Grendel has become one of the most important and developed characters throughout the history of literature, despite him being an antagonist. His thoughts often conflict with each other, but by the end of the novel, they become very deep and complex. After his confrontation with dragon, Grendel finally develops an understanding of his role in society, and the importance that he plays. Through the influence of Grendels encounters with the humans and other important characters throughout the book, he was able to undergo a change and become a much more intelligent, sophisticated being. In the beginning of the novel, Grendel was portrayed as being an unintelligent monster, isolated from the humans, having no understanding of his role and importance to society, but by the end of the book, Grendel has developed into a sophisticated being with a greater understanding of the world than the humans even have.

Comparing Writing Careers of Edgar Allan Poe and Stephen King Essay

Comparing Writing Careers of Edgar Allan Poe and Stephen King In human nature there exists a morbid desire to explore the darker realms of life. As sensitive beings we make every effort to deny our curiosity in the things that frighten us, and will calmly reassure our children that there aren't any creatures under their beds each night, but deep down we secretly thrive on that cool rush of fear. Despite our efforts to maintain a balance of respectable emotions, we are a society of people who slow down to look at traffic accidents and find excitement in the macabre. We turn off the lights when watching scary movies, and when it?s time to go to bed, we secretly make sure the closet doors are shut. Fear keeps our hearts pumping and endorphins rushing, for it is an emotion that reminds us of our mortality. How ironic it is to experience more life in our fascination with death. Two legendary writers have ruled the universe of death and horror with remarkable success, both gifted with the talent of introducing each reader to his or her own subconscious fears. Edgar Allan Poe and Stephen King are the masters of their craft, blessed- or perhaps cursed- with imaginations that set higher standards in the field of writing. Both authors broke new ground in fiction that has had a significant impact on the world of literature. Similar in quite a few ways, though contrasting in many others, this paper will explore the lives and styles of these two remarkable men, paying close attention to the differences that exist in their approaches to writing. A look into Poe?s childhood might shed some light on where this divergence stems from. Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809 in Boston, Massachusetts to drifting actor parents. Denying his parental responsibilities, his father abandoned his wife and three children, leaving her to support the family as best she could. She traveled through various cities acting in stage engagements as she could get them, but the struggle eventually took a toll on her health. Towards the end of 1811 while in Richmond, Virginia, she became ill and died. Her children were promptly farmed into homes, Edgar being placed into the residence of a well-off, yet unsupportive merchant named John Allan. Allan was emotionally detached from Poe, refusing to even legally adopt the boy. This move would begin a chain of events, eventually triggering a drinki... ..., and even if Poe?s use of language may be difficult to understand in this day and age, his subject matter is just as timely as Kings is. They have followed the norms in style of their respective cultures and times, even though their themes don?t exactly adhere to society?s morality. They are different and stand out because of it. We may never know if any of this affected either writer?s ideas or successes, or if they simply were destined to write the way they have. What we do know is that as readers we will never be the same. The things that have secretly scared us since childhood are forever entrenched in the stories by these two great writers, and the subject of fear will never grow cold. WORKS CITED Charters, Ann. The Story and Its Writer. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin?s, 1999. Edgar Allan Poe- The Life of a Poet. National Park Service. 4 Apr. 2001. King, Stephen. Needful Things. New York: Viking Penguin, 1991. ---. Night Shift. New York: Doubleday Dell, 1976. ---. On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft. New York: Scribner, 2000. Van Doren Stern, Philip. The Portable Poe. New York: Penguin Books, 1957. Trotter, Jeffrey. Epinions. 5 Aug. 2000.

Marrying for Money

â€Å"I’m a little shocked at t he numbers,† says Pamela Smock, a sociologist at the University of Michigan who has studied marriage and money. â€Å"It’s kind of against the notion of love and soul mates and the main motivations to marry in our culture.† (Frank, 2007). These shocking words that came out from a sociologist only suggests that in modern times, money should still be not the reason for marrying. It is a fact however that money is a big driving force for someone who wants to get married. At the back of their minds, there is the constant reminder of reality like divorce or annulment. However, they should also consider why they got into the relationship in the first place. Relationships are not built based on money. Moreover, one does not dwell into a relationship with the primary concern of money; whereas; it should have been the connection and the love that the partners share. Getting married is not like a hot potato that you can eat and spit out the moment that you discovered that it is too for you to handle. Marriage is a lifetime relationship and commitment; and this very same basis should be built on love, trust and respect. Ultimately, it should not be money because it devoid the vow that they made in front of the authority (may it be religiously or lawfully speaking). No matter how money plays a very important role in our society today, marriage should still be based on the wanting of both people to stay together for the rest of their lives. Additionally, since most of people these days are very agitated into climbing their way into the corporate world. People who want to settle down are the ones that have already made a niche in their fields. This only implies that they have everything they want or could ever want so the concept of money is the least on their priority. In addition, there are such things as pre-nuptial agreements which protect the assets of both parties. And people who sign to such agreements only want to protect their hard-earned money; so it is wrong to say that people want to marry for money. People who want to make money out of marriage are the ones who see it (marriage) as business or a way to get what they want. People who have mindsets like that are very superficial. Their concept of marriage very different from what it really is. Instead, they put a price tag to marriages. However, there are cases wherein people settle down more than once but it is enough to say that they married for money. Take for example Elizabeth Taylor who married five different guys. She is rich on her own that is why she married those guys because she wants to be committed with them for eternity. This only implies that once again, people who want to get married should want to do it because they want to spend the rest of their lives with that special someone. Since most people who want to get married are successful in their chosen field, that is the time that they want someone to spend their life with. Even though the person is really doing well, they cannot be considered truly successful unless they want to achieve real happiness. And marriage, in its purest form, is the only way to achieve that goal. Alongside the desire that you want to share your life with that special someone, the ultimate goal why someone should get married is the happiness that marriage can bring into your life. Marriage is about raising a family and that can give you an ultimate high that not even any achievement can bring. Money is a measure of how successful you are but a happy marriage is also another. Money come and go but family will not. Marrying because of money is a very superficial reason. Marriage is about a commitment of two people to become one which have the same mindset of achieving a happier state in life.   Marriage should be built on trust; respect and love because those really are the basic foundation of a successful future family which ultimately is one of the measurements of how successful you have become. References: Frank, R. (2007). Marrying for Love†¦of money [Electronic Version]. The Wall Street Journal.Retrieved January 16, 2008   from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119760031991928727.html.                     

International Trade Simulation

International Trade Simulation International Trade Simulation"International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries." (Heakal, 2007). International trade is helpful to the economy. The trade allows countries to exchange goods in order to have an assorted supply for the residents. The trade brings in supply which creates more demand and the economy grows.The international trade simulation shows the reasons for the international trade. The purpose of the simulation is to make decisions and study the outcomes. This is a three part simulation. The first part is to decide which countries to trade with. The second part is to decide which goods will be exported or imported. Finally the decision will be made on whether or not to impose trade restrictions.Advantages and Limitations of International TradeInternational trade has both advantages and limitations. An International trade advantage is that a country's wealth potential can be maximized. Supply and demand can increase.English: comparative adva ntage in economicsThe country should then export corn and import cheese. Suntize had an advantage in producing electronic goods while Uthania had an advantage in both agriculture and electronic goods. Comparative advantages develop from many factors such as natural resources, availability and relative effectiveness of factors of production, and the state of technology. These can also change over time, which is why the organization of a country's trade could change over time. A labor-intensive country that has fertile soil and a good climate for growing would have a comparative advantage in producing agricultural goods. An underdeveloped country may not have fully utilized resources due to shortages in capital, under developed technology, and a small economy size. International Trade is able to help these countries develop changes in the division...

6 Steps to Surviving a Job as a Night Shift Nurse

6 Steps to Surviving a Job as a Night Shift Nurse Being a night shift nurse can be extremely rewarding and heroic. It can also be incredibly grueling. Before you sign up to this gig, here are a few survival tips. And for those of you with no interest in such work, read on to see some of the challenges that face these tireless heroes who do such vital, life-saving work. 1. Understand your inner clock.Your circadian clock is your internal inclination to follow a normal 24-hour cycle. It also helps to regulate many of your body processes: hormones, temperature, heart rate, etc. The more you understand about these rhythms (and how your job will mess with them), the better off you’ll be. Realize that you will naturally crave sleep between the hours of midnight and 6 a.m., and do what it takes to train your body to, well, do the opposite of what it naturally wants to do.It may not be at the ideal time every day, and you’ll likely have to schedule your sleep instead of just falling into a normal routine like everybody else yo u know, but it’s even more important for you. Get blackout curtains for your room. Use eye masks or ear plugs or white noise machines to optimize your sleep environment. Make a sleep schedule and stick to it. Make sure you get long periods of uninterrupted sleep and that your family respects these periods.2. Keeping yourself healthy is key.The healthier you are, the better prepared your body will be to survive night shifts. Keep an eye out for conditions you’re at a higher risk for than your daytime components, like insomnia, daytime drowsiness, high blood pressure, diabetes, menstrual irregularities, common colds, and weight gain. Make sure to exercise and be active- it will help you stay alert. And make sure to eat right: reach for snacks high in protein and complex sugars, rather than candy and chips. Drink plenty of water. Having a healthy home life can help reinforce all the good habits you’ll need to cultivate to stay afloat at work.3. Bond with your cowor kers.Your coworkers are like a family- even more so when you’re all working in the trenches of the night shift. It’s a much different, and often more intimate environment. Take advantage of this to really work as a team, communicating effectively, and being able to rely on each other when the going gets tough.4. Don’t overdo the caffeine.Caffeine can be your friend- it can boost your alertness just when you need it. Remember to give yourself 25 minutes or so for it to kick in. But be judicious- too much caffeine can make you jittery or affect your out-of-work sleep quality. Find a balance that works for you and doesn’t compromise your sleep.5. Schedule your home life.It’s important that you keep your home life going strong, so it’s a place of comfort and stability. This might mean having to schedule things that normal families take for granted. But it’s worth it. Make sure you’re staying in constant touch- through texts, emails , phone calls, etc. Leave post-it notes or start a bulletin board to stay connected. And make sure to have a few date nights on the books if you have a special someone.6. Know the costs.Being a night nurse is really tough. The hospital may be a bit quieter, but patients are rarely able to sleep and often are needier or more anxious at night. Your patients might even get a bit angry or disgruntled as the night progresses. You’ll also get a lot of the leftover grunt work no one in the day shift wanted to do. And if you get hungry? Forget about it. The cafeteria will long have closed.That said, if you remember to stock up on snacks and food to fuel your shift, and you can learn to adjust your inner clock (and withhold your rage at the FedEx guy or the ice cream truck), you’ll also have the benefit of an extremely important and gratifying job- and one that offers a bit more flexibility than other, more regularly scheduled gigs.

Logistic management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Logistic management report - Essay Example different logistics activities that can add significant value to a humanitarian emergency aid response in terms of form, place and time utility, diverse challenges along with the factors that can help in overcoming these challenges has been taken into concern. Moreover, a humanitarian organisation i.e. UNICEF has been considered in order to demonstrate the different logistics activities such as warehousing, transportation and coordination amid others that can add significant value to a humanitarian emergency aid response in terms of place, form and time utility. The significance of logistics management is incessantly mounting in different fields due to increased level of globalisation as well as nationalisation. Logistics management is fundamentally described as an imperative part of supply chain procedure that intends to plan, employ as well as control the flow of services along with information and storage of goods for the purpose of meeting the requirements of the customers. The conception of logistics management has been proved to be quite beneficial especially for dissimilar industries, which supports them to optimise their distribution procedure which ultimately results in raising their effectiveness as well as competitiveness by a significant level (Tseng & et. al 2005). The governments belonging to diverse nations have recognised the significance of execution of en effective logistics management procedure that can impose considerable impact upon their respective economies (Australian Government n.d.). In this similar context, the co nception of humanitarian logistics refers to a specialised network that is generally created through effectual flow of services, information and finances between different suppliers and beneficiaries among others with the intention of delivering physical support to them. It has been apparently observed that the idea of humanitarian logistics not only enhances the different logistics activities that occur at every phase of

HOW CAN I INCORPORATE DIVERSITY INTO EARLY CHILDHOOD Research Proposal

HOW CAN I INCORPORATE DIVERSITY INTO EARLY CHILDHOOD - Research Proposal Example Topic (500 words recommended) What literature relates to this topic? Have you indentified the key literature sources (3-5) that underpin your research? Why do we need to conduct research into this area? How is this topic relevant to early childhood education? Diversity is a term which has as diverse meanings as its name. In this research â€Å"diversity means the variety of differences among inhabitants that we need to take into account if we are to work with people† from every walk of life. In short here we are treating diversity as a dynamic social force in society which tries to bring people closer to each other no matter what or who they are (Aguirre, 2003). But if the topic is closely analyzed a question which comes to one’s mind is that what is the relation of diversification and early childhood, as mostly it is seen that diversification in human beings become prominent when they are adults. The impeding question is that why it is important to incorporate diversif ication in to early childhood programs when it is believed to be inculcated automatically when the up bringing of the child begins. One of the articles which would be referred will be article â€Å"Valuing Diversity† written by Maritza MacDonald (2002), in that article one of the examples that is given is that for every child, family has a different meaning. For some it means a single parent catering to the child needs, for others it means having a lot of older brothers and sisters etc. so when even the meaning of a family can be so diversified for a child who is not even aware of the fact what diversification is, then it can be imagined that how much affect diversification can have upon a child’s rearing. Another consideration will be given to the practicality of inculcating diversification into early childhood education programs. â€Å"Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives† written by Banks & Banks (1989) and â€Å"The care and education of young c hildren† by Comer (1989) proposed that early intervention programs for children mostly deal with the issues like how do different children learn through various types of education methods. This literature would be beneficial to first of all address any issue that might surface due to lack of proper communication between children belonging to different ethnic groups. It will also help in elucidating the aspects as to how can parents up bring their children in the diverse world? And what is the meaning of being a young one who is growing up in to this varied world? (Gonzalez-Mena & Pulido-Tobiassen, 1999). This diversity issue is important to be addressed in the early childhood because foundations for hatred and racial discrimination could be developed between the ages of 3 to 5, so it very critical to give diversity and anti bias training to children when they are young (Stephan & Vogt, 2004). Racism and hatred for each other are two things which if not nipped in the bud can ca use problems like extremism and terrorism. No parent can see his child going towards destructive path, therefore to see what changes can be brought in to child’s behavior and to observe how these changes can help us in the long run to irradiate problems like racism, and extremism incorporating diversity in early education programs might be helpful. 3. Research aim In general, what is the aim of your research project? Is your aim clear, understandable and concise? Is your aim relevant to the topic and identified

Financial control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial control - Essay Example These standards can at best be called current standards, as they have taken into account only the current four months conditions only. Sales activities have been started with a level 500 unit of product for first two months, which rose by 100 units of products in next two in each month. Accordingly the level of activity is assumed to be rising at the rate of 100 units of product after every two months performance. Thus level of activity is currently set at production rate increasing by 100 units after every two months till the activity reaches the optimum level of the use of total capacity over a period of time, say between one to two years. Being variable in nature, the cost per unit of the product has been set $ 30.This is based on the fact that products consumes one hour of labour time for producing one unit of product. As the wages rate for the type of production labour involved is $ 30 per, the current direct labour cost standard is set at $30 per unit of product. Salary of administrative staff has been found to be costing at the rate $10 per unit of product. General expenses after apportioning on basis of total production during a period of one month have found to be costing $8 per unit of the product. Depreciation being treated as fixed overhead has been calculated on basis of ‘units of production’ over the useful life of assets involved. This has given a result of $2 per unit of product and thus that is the standard set for the current period. The gross margin (i.e. contribution) has given a performance of 60% during the first four months of the performance. It appears to be a little very optimistic. As the production capacity has not been settled up to an optimum level, there will be major fluctuations in the gross margin or contribution till it finally settles at its normal level at the optimum level of production. A full year of performance may put a proper light in this respect. The

Origins of Dogs Essay Example for Free

Origins of Dogs Essay Humans and dogs have constantly shared exceptionally strong social affections, a dependency relationship that is not normally observed in other human-animal relationships. Humans and dogs equally preferred to put their fears from each other aside in order to live reciprocally. Dogs are significant part of human history, seeing that throughout times dogs are without a doubt wonderful companions and great friends. People play with dogs, keep them as a pet and even consider them their best friend. Today, dogs come in different shapes and sizes, with distinct attributes that separate them from every other animal. But are humans really familiar with anything regarding the history of dogs or where and when did their well-known friendship started? There are several theories on the subject; and it is rather difficult to affirm who are the forerunners of the modern day dog perceptions. Beginnings of Domestication Evidences have revealed that man and dogs have survived together since prehistoric period. It is generally acknowledged that the domestication of dogs started more than 15,000 years ago. It is believed that when primitive man evolved from gathering to hunting for food, dog and man began the symbiotic relationship of assisting each other. Moreover, between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago, dogs became the guardians for the several recently domesticated animals of men. The breeding and crossbreeding started when men started to confer greater importance to certain characteristics and features in dogs. As a consequence, throughout the time of Egypt’s development in 1570 B. C. a range of diverse types of dogs became apparent. From that time, it was not long before dogs were being bred all over the world. In the history of dogs the Greeks, the Europeans, the Romans, and even the natives of the Far East were training dogs for a variety of activities including, hunting, sporting, fighting, and prize possessions. Origins of Dogs Archaeology has sited the earliest acknowledged domestication at probably 30,000 BC in Belgium and with certainty at 7,000 BC. Other information suggests that dogs were originally domesticated in East Asia, particularly within China some 15,000 years ago. In several archeological digs, however, canine relics have been discovered which could astonishingly be the forerunners of the modern day dog, although there are still a number of significant disparities between them. Accordingly, many analyze theorizes that modern day dogs are a result of parallel evolution, in which some species come from a considerably smaller canid and related to the dingo scientifically known as Canis familiaris nostrazewi, and other from a very large animal similar to some primitive Molosos and more related to the wolf scientifically known as the Canis familiaris puitiantini (See FIDOS Dog Health Training Encyclopedia). While some scientists thought that nearly all canine breeds originated from the crossbreeds of the small primeval dogs with diverse canid breeds, such as coyotes or golden jackal, animal DNA research studies confirm that dog gradually evolved from wolves after humans started selectively breeding wolves some 15,000 years ago, and nearly all scientists agree on the aforesaid findings. The DNA string coming from three interrelated groups revealed a common source from a particular gene pool, and because the majority of genetic variation was discovered in dogs that originated from East Asia, scientist concluded that this part of the world is the most possible origin of the species. It appears that World gray wolves, otherwise known as the New World dogs traveled with humans who arrived at North America across the Bering Strait several thousand of years ago. Scientist made use of DNA fingerprinting methods in a study to confirm that New World dogs were not descendants from wolves in the Americas. They discovered that these dogs were indeed descendants from Europe and Asia’s wolves. Moreover, based on evaluations of dogs from places as remote as Alaska and Peru, researchers theorized that primitive and modern day dogs around the world hailed from Old World gray wolves. Unfortunately, these dogs are no longer present in modern day dogs as European colonists systematically eradicated their population. It is already settled in several researches that dogs evolved from wolves; however, latest records confirm that the origin of dogs goes back to hunter-gather societies; therefore, dating earlier than what is commonly believed. Due to archaeological records, a number of scientists believe that domestic dogs dates back to15,000 years; however, the latest molecular genetic techniques performed by UCLA scientists and colleagues revealed that the origin of dog is much older. As a result of the extrapolation involved in the computations and the extent of genetic diversity they found in dogs, they believe that the earliest dog dates back 60,000 years or possibly over 100,000 years. Conclusion When observing the habits and behavior of a dog, the likenesses it has with the wolf are more than evident. In addition to the fact that the wolf and dog are somewhat similar not just the physical viewpoint, but as well as the character aspect, scientists have also found exceptional information to prove that the dog and wolf are indeed related. Using latest genetic researches, together with several controversial and fascinating works revealed that the wolf is the only ancestor of the dog, and its origins are primitive. This is why many believe that domesticated wolves were the earliest to live together with man and the dog and every other breeds existing at present are considered as the entire creation of man. Reference See FIDOS Dog Health Training Encyclopedia. (n. d. ). Where did Dogs come from. Retrieved March 20, 2009, from http://www. seefido. com/html/the_dog_s_origins. htm

Formaldehyde: History and Importance

Formaldehyde: History and Importance 1.0INTRODUCTION Formaldehyde is the first member of the aldehyde family (CH2O) and is the most important aldehyde in the environment.3 It is a naturally occurring chemical and a by-product of most organisms, including human, industrial and natural processes. Formaldehyde forms from the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials; smoke from forest fires, in automobile exhaust, and in tobacco smoke. Atmospheric formaldehyde is formed by the action of sunlight and oxygen on methane and other hydrocarbons.2 Due to its simple nature, metabolic processes break formaldehyde into carbon dioxide. Formaldehyde does not accumulate in the environment or within plants, animals or people, as it quickly breaks down in the body and the atmosphere.1 It has a pungent odour and is an irritant and is an irritant to eyes, nose and throat, even at low concentrations. The recommended odour detection limit is between 0.05 1ppm.3 Formaldehyde is an important industrial chemical and is employed in the manufacture of many industrial products and consumer articles. More than 50 branches of industry now use formaldehyde, mainly in the form of aqueous solutions and formaldehyde-containing resins. In 1995, the demand for formaldehyde in the three major markets Northern America, Western Europe, Japan was 4.1ÃÆ'-106 t/a [Chem. Systems Inc.: Formaldehyde (April 1996).]. History of Formaldehyde Research in the early 1800s by Liebig discovered the chemical composition and nature of various aldehydes excluding formaldehyde due to the ease with which methanol was oxidized to formic acid and further synthesized to carbon dioxide and water.5 In 1859, Alexandra Mikhailovich Butlerov inadvertently discovered formaldehyde as a result of his proposed synthesis of methylene glycol [CH2 (OH)2]. During his laboratory experiment, Butlerov observed the distinctive odour of the formaldehyde solution while hydrolysing methylene acetate, which decomposed to form formaldehyde and water. 5 He also produced formaldehyde in other forms which led him to publish a detailed report of formaldehyde solution, its gas and polymer. He gave additional evidence of its structure and described the chemical reactions together with the creation of hexamethylenetetramine, [(CH2)6N4] on reacting with ammonia, (NH3). The main way by which formaldehyde is still being produced till date was discovered by A.W. Hofmann but with other catalysts. In 1868, Hofmann made a successive breakthrough by passing a mixture of methanol and air over a heated platinum spiral. This process is currently industrialised by use of a metal catalyst. Over two decades later, the isolation and purification of formaldehyde was achieved by Friedrich Von Stradonitz (1892). 4 1882 marked two significant improvements in formaldehyde research. Kekule then described the preparation of pure formaldehyde and Tollens discovered a method of regulating the methanol vapour: air ratio, thereby affecting the yield of the reaction.6 The spiral platinum catalyst was replaced with more efficient copper gauze in 1886 by Leow. Commercial manufacture of formaldehyde was initiated by a German firm, Mercklin and Losekann in 1889 with the first use of silver catalyst patented by Hugo Blank, another German company in 1910. 6 Industrial development continued from 1900 to 1905, when plant sizes, flow rates, yields, and efficiency were increased. In 1905, Badische AnilinSoda-Fabrik (BASF) started to manufacture formaldehyde by a continuous process employing a crystalline silver catalyst. Formaldehyde output was 30 kg/d in the form of an aqueous 30 wt% solution. The methanol required for the production of formaldehyde was initially obtained from the timber industry by carbonizing wood. The development of the high-pressure synthesis of methanol by BASF in 1925 allowed the production of formaldehyde on a true industrial scale. 6 Importance of Formaldehyde For several decades, formaldehyde has been used consistently in a wide range of products, ranging from personal hygiene, to medicine, to building products and much more. Many different resins are created from formaldehyde, which are in turn used to create other materials having different properties. Formaldehyde derivatives are used as preservatives in personal hygiene products because they kill bacteria or they are used to make other products more effective in terms of foaming action such as soaps and detergents. Its versatile chemistry and unique properties have created applications for use of formaldehyde in all kinds of every day products such as plastics, carpeting, clothing, resins, glues, medicines, vaccines and the film used in x-rays. One of the first benefits you derive from formaldehyde chemistry is as a child, when you received your vaccinations for childhood diseases. These include diphtheria, polio and influenza, to name a few. Since it also acts as a preservative, formaldehyde plays a critical role in our medical schools, preserving cadavers used in teaching human anatomy. It has been used for tissue and organ preservation for more than a century and has greatly assisted the advance of biological science.1 Importance of Green Processes The concept of Green Chemistry helps reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. This helps in dealing with the ever growing increase to protect the environment and the concept of sustainability. A lot of emphasis is based on the research and development phase of each chemical or product, to curtail issues affecting human health and environmental pollution. For every chemical or given product, the following guidelines should govern the choice of route:7 * Choice of feed-stock (costs are relevant of course, but also total resources, energy, waste, etc. in the manufacture of the given feed-stock are important factors) * Choice of reaction path (minimise energy requirements by use of selective catalysts) * Choice of catalyst (efficiency, separation from product, recycling of catalyst) * Down-stream processing/unit operations (minimising the number of stages necessary to obtain the product in the state desired by the customer) * Minimising not only the amount pollutants, but also the volume of waste streams (effluent/ off-gases and solid waste) * Recycling of auxiliary, side-, and intermediate products into the process. This report focuses on physical and chemical properties of formaldehyde (CH2O), its production processes and evolution through time as it tries to conform to some of the principles of green chemistry. 2.0PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS FORMS OF FORMALDEHYDE Formaldehyde is more complicated than many simple carbon compounds because it adopts different forms. Formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, but the gas readily converts to a variety of derivatives. These derivatives generally behave similarly to gaseous formaldehyde and are used in industry.4 Physical Properties I. Monomeric formaldehyde: This form of formaldehyde [50-00-0], CH2O is a colorless gas that has a foul, overpowering odour and is an irritant to eyes, nose, throat and skin. Monomeric formaldehyde liquefies at -19 °C, and solidifies at -80 °C to give a white paste. The liquid and gas phases polymerise readily at low and normal temperatures up to 80 °C. Pure formaldehyde gas, on the other hand, does not polymerise between 80 100 °C and behaves as an ideal gas. Though it is not commercially available in this form, it can be prepared in the laboratory by the Spencer and Wilde method.6, 3 The molecular formula of gaseous formaldehyde in ambient air is shown below. II. Trioxane: 1, 3, 5- Trioxane is a stable cyclic trimer of formaldehyde, C3H6O3. It appears as a white solid with a chloroform-like odour but does not cause any form of irritation to living things. The pure form of trioxane melts at 61 62 °C boils at 11 °5C and has a flash point of 45 °C. Trioxane is used as a feedstock for some plastics, solid fuel tablet formulas and as a stable source of formaldehyde in laboratories.8, 3 III. Paraformaldehyde: this is a colourless, granular solid with a pungent and irritating smell. It is prepared by condensation of methylene glycol (HOCH2 OH), and its composition is best expressed by the formula HO- (HCHO) Q-H. Paraformaldehyde melts over a wide temperature range (120-170C), which depends on the degree of polymerization. It has similar uses to formaldehyde; it is commonly used as a source of formaldehyde for disinfecting large areas.3 IV. Formalin: The primary market for formaldehyde is in aqueous form, Formalin. It is a clear solution with the characteristic odour of formaldehyde. Methanol is normally present, 6-15%, to suppress polymerisation. In aqueous phase, the dominant form of formaldehyde is methylene glycol and polyoxymethlene glycol for concentrated solutions.3 Chemical Reactions of Formaldehyde I. Decomposition: In thermal decomposition, formaldehyde is relatively stable. At 150C, formaldehyde undergoes heterogeneous decomposition to form methanol and carbon dioxide. Above 350C, the reaction decomposes to form carbon dioxide hydrogen. Catalysts such as platinum, copper, chromium and aluminum are involved in this decomposition reaction to form methanol, methyl formate, formic acid, carbon dioxide and methane.6 2HCHO à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢CH3OH+CO HCHO à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢CO+ H2 II. Polymerisation: At room temperatures and very low pressures, formaldehyde monomer vapours tend to polymerise while at higher temperatures, monomeric HCHO can be maintained readily for several hours without polymerisation at an equilibrium vapour pressure. In the aqueous phase, formaldehyde is oxidized readily by even mild oxidizing agents, such as Ag(NH3)2+, and this property has been exploited in the development of several wet-chemical analytical methods for formaldehyde.3 III. Reduction and Oxidation Reactions: Formaldehyde is readily reduced to methanol with hydrogen over a nickel catalyst and is oxidized by nitric acid, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate or oxygen to form formic acid or carbon dioxide, and water.6, 3 A Cannizzaro reaction occurs when formaldehyde reacts with a strong alkali or heated acid to form methanol and formic acid. HCHOaq+ NaOH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢HCO2Na+ H2 H2+ HCHOaq à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢CH3OH In the presence of aluminum or magnesium methylate, paraformaldehydes react to form methyl formate. This is known as the Tischenko Reaction. 2HCHO polymerà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢HCO2CH3 IV. Addition Reactions: V. Condensation Reactions: Formaldehyde is a base product in many synthetic resin product.9 Formaldehyde condenses with urea, melamine, urethanes, cyanamide, aromatic sulfonamides and amines, and phenols to give a wide range of resins; Amino, Phenolic and Synthetic Resins.6 3.0METHODS OF PRODUCING FORMALDEHYDE Over the years, the starting feedstock for the commercial production of formaldehyde is Methanol. This feedstock has been produced by reacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen, both usually from natural gas or petroleum fractions, under high pressures in the presence of a catalyst.3 Various patents have been published for the production of formaldehyde but most with no commercial importance. Of all these, the procedure to be discussed is the reduction of carbon monoxide. 3.1Reduction of Carbon Oxides This process has been put through a lot of research due to its low cost of raw materials and potential simplicity. The end-product of this reaction is usually methanol with formaldehyde as an intermediate in the reaction. This process is a two-step reaction; part of the reaction is a simple hydrogenation process and the other, by the Cannizzaro reaction of formaldehyde with itself. The reaction with copper-alumina catalyst forms formaldehyde at temperatures of 282 487 °C and pressures of 117 410 atmospheres.10 CO+ H2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬ CH2O This reduction reaction is highly unfavorable as a means of formaldehyde synthesis due to the following reasons. * Unreasonable high pressures required to obtain high yields * To obtain equilibrium at a reasonable rate and avoid hydrogenation, an extremely active and selective catalyst would be required. 3.2Methanol and Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is industrially manufactured with methanol through three main processes.6 1. Partial oxidation and dehydrogenation with air in the presence of silver crystals, steam, and excess methanol at 680 720 °C (BASF process, 97 98 % methanol conversion). 2. Partial oxidation and dehydrogenation with air in the presence of crystalline silver or silver gauze, steam, and excess methanol at 600 650 °C (77 87 % primary conversion of methanol). The conversion is completed by distilling the product and recycling the unreacted methanol 3. Oxidation only with excess air in the presence of a modified iron molybdenum vanadium oxide catalyst at 250 400 °C (98 99% methanol conversion). Process 3, also known as the FORMOX process, a highly exothermic process, occurs at temperatures of about 350 °C. Though this process uses lower temperatures and a cheaper catalyst, the dehydrogenation process is still prevalent in the industry because of its lower operating costs.2, 3 Production of formaldehyde via conversion of propane, ethylene, propylene, butylene, ethers and butane are not economic therefore have little or no industrial relevance. In addition, the partial hydrogenation of CO and methane oxidation results in lower yields as compared to the former processes.6 3.3Development of the Methanol Process The initial method for the development of formaldehyde was originated from by Hofmann, which is the passing of a mixture of air and methanol over a heated platinum spiral and dissolution of this product to form aqueous formaldehyde, formalin.10 This process was replaced due to difficulties with explosions in completing the product recovery. Subsequent development involved the replacement of the platinum catalyst with platinised asbestos in a heated tube by Volhard. Further research by Tollens introduced the direct relationship between the methanol-air vapour ratio and the formaldehyde yield; which is still a main principle in todays industries. 10 Leow refined the two later processes by replacing the platinum catalyst with copper gauze. This initiated the first continuous process for formaldehyde production. The first stage of this process yielded about 15 20% formaldehyde, with an additional 30% conversion due to further heating of the reaction gases. 10 Though not aware at the time of the concept of green chemistry, research was carried out covering the preparation of catalysts, reaction times and temperatures, and product absorption during the early years of commercial development of formaldehyde. This led to technological development for the use of a silver catalyst by O. Blank in 1910. Thorough investigation with the use of this catalyst proved that higher yields were obtainable as to that of the copper catalyst. 10 Large scale manufacturing welcomed improvements in the method for vapourising alcohol, the scrubbing systems and in the control of the heat of reaction. The copper gauze was observed to disintegrate or fuse together with high air-methanol ratios. To tackle this issue, low ratios were introduced to help keep the catalyst active but this resulted in excess methanol distilled from the formaldehyde. 10 The progress made throughout the years has been achieved by the following: * Efficient catalysts * Improved methods of control * Implicit engineering economies 3.3.1Silver Catalyst Process This route is the classic method for the industrial production of formaldehyde. The two main reactions governed by this process are dehydrogenation and partial oxidation. The dehydrogenation of methanol is a highly endothermic, 650 °C, and heat of reaction is usually obtained from the burning of the hydrogen enclosed in the flue gas. These processes are usually carried out by reacting methanol and air over a heated stationary catalyst and scrubbing the off gases with water to obtain aqueous formaldehyde. 6 Addition of inert substances, water or nitrogen, aids conversion by using higher methanol concentrations relative to the oxygen supplied without reaching the explosive phase. A few key reactions take place during methanol conversion to formaldehyde. 3 CH3OH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾CH2O+ H2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H= +84kJ/mol H2 +12O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ H2O à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H= -243kJ/mol CH3OH+12O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CH2O+ H2O à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H= -159kJ/mol Methyl formate, methane and formic acid are important by products of the above reactions. Below are a few undesirable reactions that must be avoided by proper control of temperature and other factors to obtain high yields. CH2O à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CO+ H2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H= +12.5kJ/mol CH3OH +32O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CO2+ 2H2O à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H= -674kJ/mol CH2O +O2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ CO2+ H2O à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  H= -519kJ/mol The usual process for the commercial production of formaldehyde is through the incomplete oxidation of the methanol. So far, this has been proven to be the most optimal process because the distilled methanol is recovered and recycled in the process. This results in higher yield, higher conversion and a high atom economy. 6, 10 The BASF Process This process involves the complete conversion of methanol to formaldehyde (Reaction 1). This process indirectly applied some of the principles of green chemistry. 6, 10 1. Few reaction steps 2. Recycling of materials within the production system to optimise product recovery resulting in a very high atom economy. 3. Environmental awareness with combusted off-gases having no adverse effect on the environment 4. The use of water as a solvent 5. Incorporation of all materials in the process, maximizing final product with extremely low weight percent of by-products formed 6. Optimum surface reaction with arrangement of catalyst 7. Process conditions adjusted to ensure that in retrieving of the final product, the mixture is easily stripped without scare of an explosion. Incomplete Conversion and Distillative Recovery of Methanol In this process, methanol is partially oxidised and distilled to recover formaldehyde. This is the most widely used method of production. It should be noted that an economically feasible process is not necessarily a green process. Partial oxidation of methanol has similar characteristics but differ with the following with respect to green chemistry. 6 1. Two-stage reaction 2. Lower reaction temperatures adopted in the first stage to help suppress the formation of unwanted by-products. 3. Heat of reaction generated from cooling the off gases, recycled in the system reducing energy requirements. 4. Larger amount of methanol is recovered in this process with little presence of the b-products 5. Similar off-gases as produced in the BASF process 6. It also has an alternative route that recycles the tail gas from the top of the absorber. This reduces the amount of feedstock, methanol, required in the process. This produces a more concentrated solution and saves up cost for the distillation process and the yield is relatively high (91-92%). Factors affecting the yield in methanol oxidation processes * The higher the temperature in a dehydrogenation reaction, the higher methanol is converted in the process system. 10,6 * Process air controls the desired reaction temperature and the extent to which the endothermic reactions occur. 10,6 * Besides catalyst temperature, the inert materials added as stated earlier also affect the yield. 10,6 Some of the advantages of the silver catalyst process are listed below:11 * Most cost effective means of manufacturing formaldehyde * Increased formaldehyde yield, methanol conversion and catalyst life * Reduced silver requirements * Greater resistance to plant upsets and poisoning * Improved formaldehyde product quality * Technology demonstrated worldwide 3.2.2FORMOX Process The FORMOX process is the direct oxidation of methanol with metal oxide catalysts (iron, molybdenum or vanadium oxide) to produce formaldehyde. Normally, the catalyst used for this process is a mixture of molybdenum and iron in a ratio of 1.5:2.0. Due to the development of this catalyst, a few advantages have been attributed to this process over the silver catalyst processes. This will be discussed in the later part of this report. The FORMOX process can be characterised as follows: 1. Two stage oxidation reaction in gaseous state. This prevents waste that would have been generated by use of a solvent.6 2. Reaction carried out under atmospheric pressure and at lower temperatures (270 400 °C), results in an almost complete reaction. 6 3. Careful adjustments of process conditions help prevent the formation of unwanted by-products. These side reactions occur at temperatures exceeding 470 °C. 6 4. The conversion rate for this process is relatively high with a high optimization process. 5. One short-coming of this process is with the tail gas that has lots of impurities and flammable components. The alternative route used instead of combustion is in the addition of fuel to the system which burns the tail gas as a supplement for energy in other start-up processes. 6 In summary, the green advantages of the three commercial processes can be summarised as follows: 7 1. Few unit operations 2. Waste is minimised by a highly selective reaction 3. Use of catalysts to optimise process reactions 4. Water used as the only solvent 5. Reaction carried out at atmospheric pressure 6. Gas-phase reaction for the FORMOX process means that catalyst does not have to be recovered from solution 7. Recovery of energy from exothermic reactions to help reduce environmental and economic impacts. 8. High conversion rates achieved through efficient use of equipment, energy and material 9. Use of air as oxidant instead of chemical oxidising agents reducing the toxicity and by-products formed. 3.3Development of New Processes Various research works have been carried out for developing new formaldehyde synthesis. Unfortunately, there has been no existence of commercial units of the techniques discussed below: 1. Partial oxidation of methane to produce formaldehyde which has an advantage of reducing raw material costs of producing the methanol from methane. The inducement for such a process is reduction of raw material costs by avoiding the capital and expense of producing the methanol from methane. 12 2. Production of anhydrous or highly concentrated formaldehyde solutions via dehydrogenation of methanol. In some instances, energy costs are reduced as well as effluent generation, and losses, providing a more favorable condition. 12 3. Formaldehyde production from methylal (produced from methanol and formaldehyde) which is in two phases. Firstly, methylal oxidation which yields up to 70% of the concentrated formaldehyde product as compared to methanol oxidation with 55%. After this, methylal is produced by reacting formaldehyde obtained in aqueous recycle streams from other units with methanol as opposed to recovery by other more costly means, e.g. distillation and evaporation. Development of this process is complete. 12 Further research is still being carried out in the use of bacteria to produce formaldehyde. This will not be discussed in this report. 4.0ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH FORMALDEHYDE REFERENCES 1. Formaldehyde Council, I. (2007, November). Formaldehyde: Facts and Background Information. Retrieved May 10, 2010, from http://www.formaldehyde.org/_base/pdf/fact_sheets/11_01_07-FormadehydeFactsandBackgroundInformation.pdf 2. Daily, C. (2004, April 01). The Chemistry Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Formaldehyde 3. Council, N. R. (1981). Formaldehyde and other Aldehydes. Washington, D.C, USA. 4. Wikimedia. (2010, May 02). Formaldehyde. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formaldehyde 5. Harrison, K. (1998, July). Formaldehyde. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from 3d Chem: http://www.3dchem.com/molecules.asp?ID=101 6. Wiley, I. (2006). Formaldehyde. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Ullmans Encyclopedia of IndustrialChemistry: http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com.resourceproxy.manchester.ac.uk/emrw/9783527306732/ueic/article/a11_619/current/pdf 7. Chuck, R. (n.d.). A Catalytic Green Process for the Production of Niacin. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Lonza Group: http://www.lonza.com/group/en/company/news/publications_of_lonza.-ParSys-0002-ParSysdownloadlist-0026-DownloadFile.pdf/25_A%20Catalytic%20Green%20Process%20for%20the%20Production%20of%20Niacin.pdf 8. Wikimedia. (2010, April 15). Trioxane. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,3,5-Trioxane 9. Smith, S. (2010). What is formaldehyde resin? Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Wisegeek: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-formaldehyde-resin.htm 10. Walker, J. F. (1967). Formaldehyde. Wilmington, Delaware: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. 11. GFRT. (Updated 2010). Silver Catalysts. Retrieved May 07, 2010, from Global Formaldehyde and Resin Technologies: http://www.globalformaldehyde.com/silver.htm 12. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Formaldehyde, Vol12. John Wiley Sons.